Time supports the consolidation of motor sequence memories, yet it remains unclear whether time duration and doing specific task in this time, stabilizes or actually enhances motor sequence performance. The aim of this study was to investigate time duration with specific interference on consolidation human motor memory. Forty-five healthy volunteer participate performed Serial Color matching task for three blocks of 150 trials. They randomly divided into three group, 1) after one hour 2) after six hour performed finger-to-thumb opposition task 3) without any interference. All group after 24 hour participated in retention test. The result shows no significant differences between acquisition and retention stages. These findings indicate rapid stabilization of implicit motor memory and interference sequential finger-to-thumb opposition task and time had no enhancement or reducer effect on implicit motor memory, but rather stabilizes motor sequence performance without producing additional gains.

Background and Objectives: The process through which memory is formed and factors affecting it, are among issues under scrutiny in neuroscience. These, however, lack many undiscovered aspects. On the other hand, the wide spectrum of utilization of hypothermia for medical and surgical purposes, raises the question of the effect on memory. Materials and Methods: In the present study 70 male wistar rats were randomly divided into 7 groups (A-G, 10 rats each). Control group (group A) was trained using "passive avoidance technique" and then the degree of their consolidation of memory was tested 24hours later. This was incorpororated as basic protocol for other groups. Groups B and C also went under halothane anaesthesia for 15 and 60 minutes respectively immediately after training. These behaved as second line control groups. For the groups left, groups D and F received 15 minutes halothane anaesthesia plus hypothermia, 28±1 C and 24±1 C respectively. Groups E and G were the same as groups D and F but the length of hypothermia was 60 minutes. Results: Results obtained indicated no significant effect of halothane and superficial hypothermia (28±1c) for 15min on memory consolidation, but deep hypothermia (24±1C) for 15 and 60 minutes had significant effects (p<0.05) on memory retrieval.Conclusion: Results suggest that mild hypothermia in a short time has no effects on memory but deep hypothermia at the same time, produces significant effects on memory consolidation.

Inhaling anesthetics constitute a group of important pharmacological agents used in clinic. Halothane is one of these agents, that there is ambiguity about its effect on memory. In the present study 7 group of rats (10 rats per group) from A to G were incorporated. Group A were trained in passive avoidance box (one trial) and then were tested 24 hours later. Group B and C were anesthetized by halothane (3%) for 15 and 60 min respectively immediately after they have been trained. Group D and E were anesthetized for a similar periods but before training. Group F were trained several times (multi trial) until the rats learned, so that they didn't enter the dark room. Group G were treated as group F but went under halothane anesthesia for 15 min before training. Memory retrieval was tested in all groups 24 hours after training. Halothane anesthesia immediately following training had no significant effect on memory consolidation. Despite the fact that pretraining exposure to halothane did not interfere with learning, but significantly affected memory (p<0.05). These results suggest that posttrai1ing halothane anesthesia has no effect on memory consolidation and its retrieval, while pertaining halothane anesthesia severely affects both of these

Background and Objective: Effects of exercise and physical activity on function of different organs of body like heart, lung and muscles have been the focus of interest since many years ago. During the recent years more attention is paid to the effects of exercise on nervous system and memory. The role of exercise on memory consolidation is a controversial issues. So we decided to examine the effects of treadmill exercise on memory consolidation by passive avoidance learning.Materials and Methods: In this study thirty male Wistar rats (3-4 months old) randomly were divided into three groups was of ten.Control group were trained in passive avoidance box and was tested in 10 min and 24 hours intervals. Two experimental groups exercised in treadmill for 10 days and 3 months respectively and then were tested same as control group.Results: Obtained results showed that both short and long – term exercise trainings had significant (p<0.05) effects on memory consolidation in compare with control group.Conclusion: Our results showed that physical activity may enhance learning and memory consolidation significantly.

Considering the effect that aerobic exercise can have on cognitive function and memory, the challenge that remains in research is how to schedule timing of these exercises in relation to the acquisition sessions. This study is looking at the question of how aerobic exercise before, during and after acquisition affects the process of consolidating verbal memory. In a semi-experimental design, 48 non-athlete girls aged 20 to 30 years in four groups with different timing (Pre-training, during-training and post-training and control) performed a combination of Ray auditory verbal learning task and 15 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity. Then, all groups participated in the retention test of memory task one and 24 hours later. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the groups in the trend of changes in the acquisition stage. In addition, the groups performed the same in retention tests. The only difference was observed in the rate of performance decline in the first retention test relative to the end-of-acquisition session, according to which, the control and pre-training groups had a significant decline in performance. Accordingly, it seems that physical exercise during and after acquisition session can have short-term positive effects on verbal memory, although more research is needed to conclude about the effects of timing.

There are two approaches for simulating memory as well as learning in artificial intelligence; the functionalistic approach and the cognitive approach. The necessary condition to put the second approach into account is to provide a model of brain activity that contains a quite good congruence with observational facts such as mistakes and forgotten experiences. Given that human memory has a solid core that includes the components of our identity, our family and our hometown, the major and determinative events of our lives, and the countless repeated and accepted facts of our culture, the more we go to the peripheral spots the data becomes flimsier and more easily exposed to oblivion. It was essential to propose a model in which the topographical differences are quite distinguishable. In our proposed model, we have translated this topographical situation into quantities, which are attributed to the nodes. The result is an edge-weighted graph with mass-based values on the nodes which demonstrates the importance of each atomic proposition, as a truth, for an intelligent being. Furthermore, it dynamically develops and modifies, and in successive phases, it changes the mass of the nodes and weight of the edges depending on gathered inputs from the environment.